TY - JOUR
T1 - 3,6-Anhydro-L-galactose increases hyaluronic acid production via the EGFR and AMPKα signaling pathway in HaCaT keratinocytes
AU - Lee, Jae Eun
AU - Kim, Young Ah
AU - Yu, Sora
AU - Park, So Young
AU - Kim, Kyoung Heon
AU - Kang, Nam Joo
PY - 2019/11
Y1 - 2019/11
N2 - Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important factor in skin hydration maintenance. In mammalian keratinocytes, hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) is a critical enzyme in HA production. Therefore, the promotion of HAS2 expression in keratinocytes may be a strategy for maintaining skin moisture. Objective: The aim was to determine the skin hydration effect and regulatory mechanisms of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (L-AHG), a main component of red macroalgal carbohydrates in human keratinocytes. Methods: L-AHG was applied to an immortalized human epidermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells). HA production, HAS2 protein and mRNA levels, and the activation of the signaling pathways involved in HAS2 expression were measured. HA levels were also evaluated for three dimensional (3D) reconstructed human skin. Results: Our results suggest that L-AHG upregulates HA production and may enhance HAS2 expression by activating EGFR-mediated ERK, PI3K/Akt, and STAT3 signaling pathways. We confirmed that L-AHG activated the AMPKα signaling pathway which in turn could regulate HAS2 expression in HaCaT cells. The effects of L-AHG on HA production were observed in the 3D reconstructed human skin model. Conclusion: Our results suggest that L-AHG may enhance skin moisture retention by increasing HA synthesis in human epidermal keratinocytes.
AB - Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important factor in skin hydration maintenance. In mammalian keratinocytes, hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) is a critical enzyme in HA production. Therefore, the promotion of HAS2 expression in keratinocytes may be a strategy for maintaining skin moisture. Objective: The aim was to determine the skin hydration effect and regulatory mechanisms of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (L-AHG), a main component of red macroalgal carbohydrates in human keratinocytes. Methods: L-AHG was applied to an immortalized human epidermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells). HA production, HAS2 protein and mRNA levels, and the activation of the signaling pathways involved in HAS2 expression were measured. HA levels were also evaluated for three dimensional (3D) reconstructed human skin. Results: Our results suggest that L-AHG upregulates HA production and may enhance HAS2 expression by activating EGFR-mediated ERK, PI3K/Akt, and STAT3 signaling pathways. We confirmed that L-AHG activated the AMPKα signaling pathway which in turn could regulate HAS2 expression in HaCaT cells. The effects of L-AHG on HA production were observed in the 3D reconstructed human skin model. Conclusion: Our results suggest that L-AHG may enhance skin moisture retention by increasing HA synthesis in human epidermal keratinocytes.
KW - 3,6-Anhydro-L-galactose
KW - Epidermal growth factor receptor
KW - Hyaluronan synthase 2
KW - Hyaluronic acid
KW - Keratinocyte
KW - Skin hydration
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85075379377&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85075379377&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.10.005
DO - 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.10.005
M3 - Article
C2 - 31718895
AN - SCOPUS:85075379377
VL - 96
SP - 90
EP - 98
JO - Journal of Dermatological Science
JF - Journal of Dermatological Science
SN - 0923-1811
IS - 2
ER -