@article{cda9e9f1d8cf4dd1879e2661642c0569,
title = "Analysis of the state of the art of international policies and projects on CCU for climate change mitigation with a focus on the cases in Korea",
abstract = "In 2016, the Korean government selected carbon capture and utilization (CCU) as one of the national strategic projects and presented a detailed roadmap to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to create new climate industries through early demonstration of CCU technology. The Korean government also established the 2030 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Roadmap in 2016 and included carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology in the new energy industry sector as a CCU technology. The Korean government recognizes the importance of CCUS technology as a mid-to long-term measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and implements policies related to technological development. The United States (U.S.), Germany, and China also expect CCUS technology to play a major role in reducing greenhouse gases in the industrial sector in terms of climate and energy policy. This study analyzed the CCU-related policies and technological trends in the U.S., Germany, and China, including major climate and energy plans, driving roadmaps, some government-led projects, and institutional support systems. This work also statistically analyzed 447 CCU and CCUS projects in Korea between 2010 and 2017. It is expected to contribute to responding to climate change, promoting domestic greenhouse gas reduction, and creating future growth engines, as well as to be used as basic data for establishing CCU-related policies in Korea.",
keywords = "CCS, CCU, CCUS, Carbon capture and utilization, Climate change",
author = "Jung, {Seok Ho} and Lee, {Seong Ho} and Jihee Min and Lee, {Mee Hye} and Ahn, {Ji Whan}",
note = "Funding Information: Funding: This work was supported by the National Strategic Project for Carbon Mineralization of the Flagship Center of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), the Ministry of Environment (ME), and the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE) 2019M3D8A2112963. Funding Information: AAccccoorrddiningg totoththee MMEEEE,,inin22001199,,CChhininaa ssoouugghhtttotoininccrreeaasseessuuppppoorrttfoforr CCCCUUSStetecchhnnool-l- ooggyy aanndd ttoossyysstteemmaatticicaalllylypprroommoottee tteecchhnnoolologgicicaal lddeevveeloloppmmeennttinintteerrmmss ooff ppoolliicciieessaanndd rreegguulalatitoionnss ththrroouugghhththee CCCCUUSS TTeecchhnnoollooggyy RRooaaddmmaapp. .InIn teterrmmss oof ftetecchhnnoolologgyy, ,tthheerree wweerree more than 10 CCUS R&D projects and demonstration projects supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan in 2019. For capacity building, a special committee for CCUS was established under the Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences (CSES) . China decided that CCUS needed a national policy that fits its strategic position, as it entails multi-industry cooperation and enormous investment. The cumulative statistics of the policies and plans for CCUS are shown in Figure 4 [35,37]. Funding Information: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) had previously adhered to CCS and CO2-EOR as strategic technologies to reduce national greenhouse gases. As CCU has emerged as a complementary technology, it is being included in the national strategic technology with CCS and is being developed. It is because of the characteristics of CCU technology that it is easy to connect with industrial fields such as the raw material market of the existing petrochemical industry. The representative DOE-supported project and the largest supported project is Skyonic{\textquoteright}s project. Skyonic is producing sodium hydrogen carbonate by applying CO2 generated from cement factories to its technology called SkyMine with 25 million USD in support from the DOE. Furthermore, the Alcoa Center in Pennsylvania receives 11,999,359 USD from the DOE, converts the generated CO2 into bicarbonate or carbonate products, and supplies them to the companies that manufacture construction fill materials, green fertilizer, etc. Calera is also working on a project in California using similar technologies with 19,895,553 USD in funding from the DOE. Novomer is working on a demonstration project in southern Louisiana to convert CO2 into polycarbonate, a raw material for plastic products, with 18,417,989 USD in funding from the DOE [2,4]. Funding Information: The U.S., Germany, and China are supporting the development and commercialization of CCUS-related technologies, including CCU, by combining various policy measures. The CCUS support policies are classified into support for capital and operating expenses, support for risk minimization, and support for carbon sequestration. These support systems are most commonly implemented through tax breaks or subsidies. In addition, this supports from governments serves to mitigate business risks for project participants. Moreover, the support for policy was provided through systems like the feed-in tariff (FIT), issuance of CCS certificates, and contract for difference (CfD).",
year = "2021",
month = jan,
day = "1",
doi = "10.3390/su13010019",
language = "English",
volume = "13",
pages = "1--12",
journal = "Sustainability",
issn = "2071-1050",
publisher = "MDPI AG",
number = "1",
}