Abstract
Purpose: Watching three-dimensional (3D) images is known to induce ocular and non-ocular symptoms, such as eye discomfort, fatigue, headache, and nausea, which can be referred to as "3D asthenopia". This study investigated ophthalmic factors associated with 3D asthenopia. Methods: One hundred fifteen volunteers, aged 18 to 55 years, were enrolled in this study. 3D images were shown to all volunteers with 3D high-definition television for 90 minutes. Subjects who felt eyestrain were assigned to the asthenopia group (14 subjects) and subjects without symptoms were assigned to the control group (22 subjects). Ophthalmic factors including visual acuity, refractive errors, interpupillary distance, intraocular pressure, tear break-up time, near point of accommodation, presence of strabismus, stereoacuity, and retinal abnormalities were evaluated and compared between the two groups. Results: Six subjects in the asthenopia group had exophoria and 1 subject in the control group had constant exotropia. None of these participants had previously noticed symptoms of strabismus. Only the presence of strabismus was significantly different between the groups (P=.008). Conclusion: The presence of exophoria may be a risk factor for 3D asthenopia, and 3D television may induce asthenopia by exacerbating this latent problem.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 248-253 |
| Number of pages | 6 |
| Journal | Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus |
| Volume | 49 |
| Issue number | 4 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2012 Jul 1 |
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ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health
- Ophthalmology
Cite this
Clinical research on the ophthalmic factors affecting 3D asthenopia. / Kim, Seung Hyun; Suh, Young-Woo; Song, Jong-Suk; Park, Ji Hye; Kim, Yong Yeon; Huh, Kuhl; Son, Jaebum; Kham, Keetaek; Jeong, Taeuk; Pyo, Kyung Soo.
In: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Vol. 49, No. 4, 01.07.2012, p. 248-253.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Clinical research on the ophthalmic factors affecting 3D asthenopia
AU - Kim, Seung Hyun
AU - Suh, Young-Woo
AU - Song, Jong-Suk
AU - Park, Ji Hye
AU - Kim, Yong Yeon
AU - Huh, Kuhl
AU - Son, Jaebum
AU - Kham, Keetaek
AU - Jeong, Taeuk
AU - Pyo, Kyung Soo
PY - 2012/7/1
Y1 - 2012/7/1
N2 - Purpose: Watching three-dimensional (3D) images is known to induce ocular and non-ocular symptoms, such as eye discomfort, fatigue, headache, and nausea, which can be referred to as "3D asthenopia". This study investigated ophthalmic factors associated with 3D asthenopia. Methods: One hundred fifteen volunteers, aged 18 to 55 years, were enrolled in this study. 3D images were shown to all volunteers with 3D high-definition television for 90 minutes. Subjects who felt eyestrain were assigned to the asthenopia group (14 subjects) and subjects without symptoms were assigned to the control group (22 subjects). Ophthalmic factors including visual acuity, refractive errors, interpupillary distance, intraocular pressure, tear break-up time, near point of accommodation, presence of strabismus, stereoacuity, and retinal abnormalities were evaluated and compared between the two groups. Results: Six subjects in the asthenopia group had exophoria and 1 subject in the control group had constant exotropia. None of these participants had previously noticed symptoms of strabismus. Only the presence of strabismus was significantly different between the groups (P=.008). Conclusion: The presence of exophoria may be a risk factor for 3D asthenopia, and 3D television may induce asthenopia by exacerbating this latent problem.
AB - Purpose: Watching three-dimensional (3D) images is known to induce ocular and non-ocular symptoms, such as eye discomfort, fatigue, headache, and nausea, which can be referred to as "3D asthenopia". This study investigated ophthalmic factors associated with 3D asthenopia. Methods: One hundred fifteen volunteers, aged 18 to 55 years, were enrolled in this study. 3D images were shown to all volunteers with 3D high-definition television for 90 minutes. Subjects who felt eyestrain were assigned to the asthenopia group (14 subjects) and subjects without symptoms were assigned to the control group (22 subjects). Ophthalmic factors including visual acuity, refractive errors, interpupillary distance, intraocular pressure, tear break-up time, near point of accommodation, presence of strabismus, stereoacuity, and retinal abnormalities were evaluated and compared between the two groups. Results: Six subjects in the asthenopia group had exophoria and 1 subject in the control group had constant exotropia. None of these participants had previously noticed symptoms of strabismus. Only the presence of strabismus was significantly different between the groups (P=.008). Conclusion: The presence of exophoria may be a risk factor for 3D asthenopia, and 3D television may induce asthenopia by exacerbating this latent problem.
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84866325206&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3928/01913913-20120207-03
DO - 10.3928/01913913-20120207-03
M3 - Article
C2 - 22329550
AN - SCOPUS:84866325206
VL - 49
SP - 248
EP - 253
JO - Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
JF - Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
SN - 0191-3913
IS - 4
ER -