TY - JOUR
T1 - Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in breast milk in Korea
T2 - Estimating exposure to phthalates and potential risks among breast-fed infants
AU - Kim, Sunmi
AU - Lee, Jangwoo
AU - Park, Jeongim
AU - Kim, Hai Joong
AU - Cho, Geumjoon
AU - Kim, Gun Ha
AU - Eun, So Hee
AU - Lee, Jeong Jae
AU - Choi, Gyuyeon
AU - Suh, Eunsook
AU - Choi, Sooran
AU - Kim, Sungjoo
AU - Kim, Young Don
AU - Kim, Sung Koo
AU - Kim, Su Young
AU - Kim, Seunghyo
AU - Eom, Soyong
AU - Moon, Hyo Bang
AU - Kim, Sungkyoon
AU - Choi, Kyungho
N1 - Funding Information:
We would like to express our gratitude to the participating lactating women in the Children's Health and Environmental Chemicals in Korea (CHECK) Panel. This study was supported by a grant from the Ministry of the Food and Drug Safety ( 12162MFDS731 ) in 2013 and the National Research Foundation of Korea (Project 2012R1A2A2A01015236 ). SM Kim is supported by BK 21 Plus program of National Research Foundation of Korea.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2015/3/1
Y1 - 2015/3/1
N2 - Phthalates have been associated with endocrine disruption and developmental effects in many experimental and epidemiological studies. Developing infants are among the most susceptible populations to endocrine disruption. However, limited information is available on phthalate exposure and its associated risks among breast-fed newborn infants. In the present study, breast milk samples were collected from 62 lactating mothers at 1. month post-partum from four cities of Korea in 2012 and were evaluated for six phthalate metabolites (mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and monoethyl phthalate (MEP)). MEP was detected in all breast milk samples, with a median concentration of 0.37. μg/L, and MiBP, MnBP and MEHP were detected in 79-89% of samples, with median concentrations of 1.10, 1.70, and 2.08. μg/L, respectively. However, MEHHP and MEOHP, the oxidized forms of di-ethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were detected in only one sample. For exposure assessment, the levels of phthalate diesters were estimated based on the parent:metabolite ratios in the breast milk that are reported elsewhere. For risk assessment, the endocrine-related toxicity of the monoester was assumed to be the same as that of its diester form. Median daily intake estimates of phthalates, including both monoester and diester forms, through breast milk consumption ranged between 0.91 and 6.52. μg/kg body weight (bw) for DEHP and between 0.38 and 1.43. μg/kg bw for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). Based on the estimated daily intake, up to 8% of infants exceeded the reference dose of anti-androgenicity (RfD AA) for DEHP, and 6% of infants exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for DnBP. Breast milk MiBP and MnBP concentrations showed significant positive associations with maternal consumption of whipped cream or purified water. Considering vulnerability of young infants, efforts to mitigate phthalate exposure among lactating women are warranted.
AB - Phthalates have been associated with endocrine disruption and developmental effects in many experimental and epidemiological studies. Developing infants are among the most susceptible populations to endocrine disruption. However, limited information is available on phthalate exposure and its associated risks among breast-fed newborn infants. In the present study, breast milk samples were collected from 62 lactating mothers at 1. month post-partum from four cities of Korea in 2012 and were evaluated for six phthalate metabolites (mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and monoethyl phthalate (MEP)). MEP was detected in all breast milk samples, with a median concentration of 0.37. μg/L, and MiBP, MnBP and MEHP were detected in 79-89% of samples, with median concentrations of 1.10, 1.70, and 2.08. μg/L, respectively. However, MEHHP and MEOHP, the oxidized forms of di-ethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were detected in only one sample. For exposure assessment, the levels of phthalate diesters were estimated based on the parent:metabolite ratios in the breast milk that are reported elsewhere. For risk assessment, the endocrine-related toxicity of the monoester was assumed to be the same as that of its diester form. Median daily intake estimates of phthalates, including both monoester and diester forms, through breast milk consumption ranged between 0.91 and 6.52. μg/kg body weight (bw) for DEHP and between 0.38 and 1.43. μg/kg bw for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). Based on the estimated daily intake, up to 8% of infants exceeded the reference dose of anti-androgenicity (RfD AA) for DEHP, and 6% of infants exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for DnBP. Breast milk MiBP and MnBP concentrations showed significant positive associations with maternal consumption of whipped cream or purified water. Considering vulnerability of young infants, efforts to mitigate phthalate exposure among lactating women are warranted.
KW - CHECK
KW - DEHP
KW - Daily intake
KW - DnBP
KW - MEHP
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84912135705&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.019
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.019
M3 - Article
C2 - 25437948
AN - SCOPUS:84912135705
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 508
SP - 13
EP - 19
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
ER -