Defect-engineered graphene chemical sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity

We report defect-engineered graphene chemical sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity (e.g., 33% improvement in NO₂ sensing and 614% improvement in NH₃ sensing). A conventional reactive ion etching system was used to introduce the defects in a controlled manner. The sensitivity of graphene-based chemical sensors increased with increasing defect density until the vacancy-dominant region was reached. In addition, the mechanism of gas sensing was systematically investigated via experiments and density functional theory calculations, which indicated that the vacancy defect is a major contributing factor to the enhanced sensitivity. This study revealed that defect engineering in graphene has significant potential for fabricating ultra-sensitive graphene chemical sensors.