Electrically pumped photonic crystal nanolasers

Significant advancements in semiconductor crystal growth and fabrication techniques has enabled quantum optics professionals to develop electrically pumped lasers. These research efforts have enabled these professionals in developing and introducing various optically pumped ultra-small photonic crystal, or electrically pumped photonic crystal band edge lasers with relatively large modal volumes. Researchers have also adapted the two-dimensional photonic crystal slab, as a building block for developing photonic devices, such as lasers, waveguides, and filters. It is observed that photons tend to localize near the photonic crystal resonator, due to the effects of the photonic bandgap and total internal reflection, when a photonic crystal cavity is formed on a 2D semiconductor slab.