Estimation of bulk electrical conductivity in saline medium with contaminated lead solution through TDR coupled with machine learning

Engineering & Materials Science

• Electric Conductivity 87%
• Lead 72%
• Machine learning 57%
• Learning algorithms 32%
• Silica sand 27%
• Random forests 20%
• Deep neural networks 19%

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• time domain reflectometry 100%
• machine learning 78%
• electrical conductivity 72%
• cell 13%
• laboratory test 10%
• probe 9%
• silica 8%
• salinity 7%
• sand 6%
• test 4%

Chemical Compounds

• Electrical Conductivity 60%
• Salinity 22%
• Resistance 12%
• Probe 11%