Abstract
Many clean energy technologies depend on some rare materials, and significant concerns about the sufficient supply of these materials have been raised recently. Most of the rare materials are so called by-product materials, and thus their supplies heavily rely on the demand of base metals. This study develops a generic mixed integer linear programming to investigate global strategic level capacity and production planning for both base and by-product materials. Other decisions relevant to capacity expansions and productions are also considered. The model is demonstrated using indium as a case study. Indium is a key material needed by two emerging clean energy applications, copper indium gallium selenide photovoltaics and light-emitting diode lighting. Supply of indium exclusively depends on primary zinc production, and concerns have been raised on whether there will be sufficient supply to support widespread applications of these two technologies. Capacity expansions of indium refinery facilities can be the first solution to overcome its supply risk. All the decisions included in the model are numerically analyzed. Sensitivity of all the parameters to the total cost are also studied. Indium content in the ore, inflation rates, and discount rates are found to have significant impact on the total cost.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 950-964 |
| Number of pages | 15 |
| Journal | Energy |
| Volume | 147 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2018 Mar 15 |
| Externally published | Yes |
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Keywords
- By-product material
- Clean energy technology
- Critical material
- Global supply planning
- Indium
- Mixed integer linear programming
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Civil and Structural Engineering
- Building and Construction
- Pollution
- Energy(all)
- Mechanical Engineering
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Cite this
Global strategic level supply planning of materials critical to clean energy technologies – A case study on indium. / Choi, Chul Hun; Eun, Joonyup; Cao, Jinjian; Lee, Seokcheon; Zhao, Fu.
In: Energy, Vol. 147, 15.03.2018, p. 950-964.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Global strategic level supply planning of materials critical to clean energy technologies – A case study on indium
AU - Choi, Chul Hun
AU - Eun, Joonyup
AU - Cao, Jinjian
AU - Lee, Seokcheon
AU - Zhao, Fu
PY - 2018/3/15
Y1 - 2018/3/15
N2 - Many clean energy technologies depend on some rare materials, and significant concerns about the sufficient supply of these materials have been raised recently. Most of the rare materials are so called by-product materials, and thus their supplies heavily rely on the demand of base metals. This study develops a generic mixed integer linear programming to investigate global strategic level capacity and production planning for both base and by-product materials. Other decisions relevant to capacity expansions and productions are also considered. The model is demonstrated using indium as a case study. Indium is a key material needed by two emerging clean energy applications, copper indium gallium selenide photovoltaics and light-emitting diode lighting. Supply of indium exclusively depends on primary zinc production, and concerns have been raised on whether there will be sufficient supply to support widespread applications of these two technologies. Capacity expansions of indium refinery facilities can be the first solution to overcome its supply risk. All the decisions included in the model are numerically analyzed. Sensitivity of all the parameters to the total cost are also studied. Indium content in the ore, inflation rates, and discount rates are found to have significant impact on the total cost.
AB - Many clean energy technologies depend on some rare materials, and significant concerns about the sufficient supply of these materials have been raised recently. Most of the rare materials are so called by-product materials, and thus their supplies heavily rely on the demand of base metals. This study develops a generic mixed integer linear programming to investigate global strategic level capacity and production planning for both base and by-product materials. Other decisions relevant to capacity expansions and productions are also considered. The model is demonstrated using indium as a case study. Indium is a key material needed by two emerging clean energy applications, copper indium gallium selenide photovoltaics and light-emitting diode lighting. Supply of indium exclusively depends on primary zinc production, and concerns have been raised on whether there will be sufficient supply to support widespread applications of these two technologies. Capacity expansions of indium refinery facilities can be the first solution to overcome its supply risk. All the decisions included in the model are numerically analyzed. Sensitivity of all the parameters to the total cost are also studied. Indium content in the ore, inflation rates, and discount rates are found to have significant impact on the total cost.
KW - By-product material
KW - Clean energy technology
KW - Critical material
KW - Global supply planning
KW - Indium
KW - Mixed integer linear programming
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85041638950&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85041638950&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.063
DO - 10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.063
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85041638950
VL - 147
SP - 950
EP - 964
JO - Energy
JF - Energy
SN - 0360-5442
ER -