TY - JOUR
T1 - Nano carriers that enable co-delivery of chemotherapy and RNAi agents for treatment of drug-resistant cancers
AU - Tsouris, Vasilios
AU - Joo, Min Kyung
AU - Kim, Sun Hwa
AU - Kwon, Ick Chan
AU - Won, You Yeon
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation ( CBET-0828574 , DMR-0906567 , and CBET-1264336 ), the Purdue University School of Chemical Engineering , the “Global RNAi Carrier Initiative” Intramural Research Program of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , and the Global Innovative Research Center (GIRC) Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea ( 2012K1A1A2A01055811 ). Also, YYW gratefully acknowledges the Research Fellowship from the Bindley Bioscience Center at Purdue University, and MKJ is grateful for the “Star Post-Doc” Fellowship from KIST.
PY - 2014/9
Y1 - 2014/9
N2 - Tumor cells exhibit drug resistant phenotypes that decrease the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatments. The drug resistance has a genetic basis that is caused by an abnormal gene expression. There are several types of drug resistance: efflux pumps reducing the cellular concentration of the drug, alterations in membrane lipids that reduce cellular uptake, increased or altered drug targets, metabolic alteration of the drug, inhibition of apoptosis, repair of the damaged DNA, and alteration of the cell cycle checkpoints (Gottesman et al., 2002; Holohan et al., 2013). siRNA is used to silence the drug resistant phenotype and prevent this drug resistance response. Of the listed types of drug resistance, pump-type resistance (e.g., high expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins such as P-glycoproteins (Pgp; also known as multi-drug resistance protein 1 or MDR1, encoded by the ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 1 (ABCB1) gene)) and apoptosis inhibition (e.g., expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2) are the most frequently targeted for gene silencing. The co-delivery of siRNA and chemotherapeutic drugs has a synergistic effect, but many of the current projects do not control the drug release from the nanocarrier. This means that the drug payload is released before the drug resistance proteins have degraded and the drug resistance phenotype has been silenced. Current research focuses on cross-linking the carrier's polymers to prevent premature drug release, but these carriers still rely on environmental cues to release the drug payload, and the drug may be released too early. In this review, we studied the release kinetics of siRNA and chemotherapeutic drugs from a broad range of carriers. We also give examples of carriers used to co-deliver siRNA and drugs to drug-resistant tumor cells, and we examine how modifications to the carrier affect the delivery. Lastly, we give our recommendations for the future directions of the co-delivery of siRNA and chemotherapeutic drug treatments.
AB - Tumor cells exhibit drug resistant phenotypes that decrease the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatments. The drug resistance has a genetic basis that is caused by an abnormal gene expression. There are several types of drug resistance: efflux pumps reducing the cellular concentration of the drug, alterations in membrane lipids that reduce cellular uptake, increased or altered drug targets, metabolic alteration of the drug, inhibition of apoptosis, repair of the damaged DNA, and alteration of the cell cycle checkpoints (Gottesman et al., 2002; Holohan et al., 2013). siRNA is used to silence the drug resistant phenotype and prevent this drug resistance response. Of the listed types of drug resistance, pump-type resistance (e.g., high expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins such as P-glycoproteins (Pgp; also known as multi-drug resistance protein 1 or MDR1, encoded by the ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 1 (ABCB1) gene)) and apoptosis inhibition (e.g., expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2) are the most frequently targeted for gene silencing. The co-delivery of siRNA and chemotherapeutic drugs has a synergistic effect, but many of the current projects do not control the drug release from the nanocarrier. This means that the drug payload is released before the drug resistance proteins have degraded and the drug resistance phenotype has been silenced. Current research focuses on cross-linking the carrier's polymers to prevent premature drug release, but these carriers still rely on environmental cues to release the drug payload, and the drug may be released too early. In this review, we studied the release kinetics of siRNA and chemotherapeutic drugs from a broad range of carriers. We also give examples of carriers used to co-deliver siRNA and drugs to drug-resistant tumor cells, and we examine how modifications to the carrier affect the delivery. Lastly, we give our recommendations for the future directions of the co-delivery of siRNA and chemotherapeutic drug treatments.
KW - Cancer
KW - Chemotherapy
KW - Co-delivery
KW - Combination therapy
KW - Drug resistance
KW - RNA interference
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84904718537&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.05.006
DO - 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.05.006
M3 - Review article
C2 - 24924617
AN - SCOPUS:84904718537
VL - 32
SP - 1037
EP - 1050
JO - Biotechnology Advances
JF - Biotechnology Advances
SN - 0734-9750
IS - 5
ER -
