TY - JOUR
T1 - Potential risks of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles released from sunscreens into outdoor swimming pools
AU - Jeon, Soo kyung
AU - Kim, Eun ju
AU - Lee, Jaesang
AU - Lee, Seunghak
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (MSIP) (2015, University-Institute cooperation program); the Future Research Program ( 2E25312 ) funded by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); and the Geo-Advanced Innovative Action (GAIA) Project ( #2013000540002 ) of the Ministry of Environment, Korea .
PY - 2016/11/5
Y1 - 2016/11/5
N2 - The potential risks of nanoparticles (NPs) in sunscreens being released into swimming water were evaluated by a series of laboratory experiments simulating the fate and transport of NPs in outdoor swimming pools. NPs released from sunscreen-applied skin were estimated using pig skins covered with five different commercial sunscreens containing TiO2, ZnO, or both at various concentrations. Assuming that the swimming water treatment processes consisted of filtration, UV irradiation, heating, and chlorination, possible removal of the released NPs by each process was estimated. Generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the NPs under sunlight and after UV photochemical treatment were measured, and the H2O2 concentration possibly present in the swimming pool was calculated based on some specific scenarios of operating an outdoor swimming pool. It was found that a significant amount of the NPs in sunscreens could be released into the swimming water, and accumulate during circulation through the treatment system. However, the concentration of H2O2 possibly present in the swimming pool should be below the level at which an adverse effect to bathers is concerned.
AB - The potential risks of nanoparticles (NPs) in sunscreens being released into swimming water were evaluated by a series of laboratory experiments simulating the fate and transport of NPs in outdoor swimming pools. NPs released from sunscreen-applied skin were estimated using pig skins covered with five different commercial sunscreens containing TiO2, ZnO, or both at various concentrations. Assuming that the swimming water treatment processes consisted of filtration, UV irradiation, heating, and chlorination, possible removal of the released NPs by each process was estimated. Generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the NPs under sunlight and after UV photochemical treatment were measured, and the H2O2 concentration possibly present in the swimming pool was calculated based on some specific scenarios of operating an outdoor swimming pool. It was found that a significant amount of the NPs in sunscreens could be released into the swimming water, and accumulate during circulation through the treatment system. However, the concentration of H2O2 possibly present in the swimming pool should be below the level at which an adverse effect to bathers is concerned.
KW - Risk assessment
KW - Sunscreen
KW - Swimming pool
KW - Titanium dioxide
KW - Zinc oxide
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.099
DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.099
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84974683308
VL - 317
SP - 312
EP - 318
JO - Journal of Hazardous Materials
JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials
SN - 0304-3894
ER -