Recent advances in heterogeneous Mn-based electrocatalysts toward biological photosynthetic Mn₄Ca cluster

Outperforming activity of Mn₄Ca cluster, existing in biological photosynthetic organism have continued to inspire to develop the efficient Mn based water oxidation catalysts. Over the decades, understanding of the key catalytic mechanism and mimicry of the active site of the Mn₄Ca cluster have been main research interests. This critical issue gives an overview the findings from recent studies on the water oxidizing mechanism and stepwise structural evolution of the Mn₄Ca cluster during Kok cycle. In addition, recent advances in the development of Mn-based electrocatalysts, particularly those that have the capacity to function at neutral pH, are also presented.