Abstract
Follow-up after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is necessary because of the significant risk of recurrence and progression. Cystoscopy remains the standard method for follow-up. When the first follow-up cystoscopy at 3 months after TURBT is negative, the following cystoscopies are traditionally repeated every 3 months for a period of 2 years, then every 6 months until the end of the fifth year, and yearly thereafter. This approach can now be tailored depending on individual risk of recurrence and progression. Low-risk patients can be discharged from cystoscopic follow-up after being free of recurrence for 5 years. In patients with a history of high-risk NMIBC including carcinoma in situ, urinary cytology should be used as an adjunct to cystoscopy with lifelong bladder follow-up and yearly upper tract imaging. Currently, urine markers have no adequate evidence-based role in the follow-up of NMIBC. A follow-up regimen for intermediate-risk patients is less clearly definable. It should be between low- and high-risk regimens according to the current guidelines. In summary, surveillance strategies should be individualized based on the risk of cancer recurrence at the bladder and extravesical sites.
Original language | English |
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Title of host publication | Bladder Cancer |
Publisher | Elsevier Inc. |
Pages | 541-551 |
Number of pages | 11 |
ISBN (Electronic) | 9780128099407 |
ISBN (Print) | 9780128099391 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2017 Dec 14 |
Keywords
- Bladder
- Cancer
- Non-muscle
- Surveillance
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Medicine(all)