@article{70fab92981fa4da6a03c96dbe52055d3,
title = "Sustainable water security based on the SDG framework: A case study of the 2019 Metro Manila Water Crisis",
abstract = "Despite being Asia's fastest-growing economy, as of 2015, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) ranked the Philippines 33rd out of 48 countries in terms of water security. This verifies that economic development does not always lead to better provisions of basic needs. This study attempts to discover the fundamental issues that decrease water security in Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. With El Ni{\~n}o disrupting the optimal weather conditions, Metro Manila is facing the lasting impacts of a water shortage crisis, which is the worst in the past decade. This research inspects the role of climate change in exacerbating El Ni{\~n}o, and its threat to the water security of the developing city. Furthermore, other factors that influence Metro Manila's water security are discussed. Upon establishing a correlation between climate change and El Ni{\~n}o, Metro Manila's general water management strategy is evaluated to better assess the multiple factors that have led to the current water shortage crisis. This paper is intended to recommend necessary and feasible proactive measures that are geared towards water security in Metro Manila, and possibly other cities with similar circumstances.",
keywords = "Climate change, El Ni{\~n}o, Metro Manila, SDGs, Water security",
author = "Halim Lee and Jaewon Son and Dayoon Joo and Jinhyeok Ha and Seongreal Yun and Lim, {Chul Hee} and Lee, {Woo Kyun}",
note = "Funding Information: This research was funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (Grant no. 2018K1A3A7A03089842) and the Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (Grant no. 2018R1A2B6005682). The authors appreciate the financial support from the NRF, and feel gratitude to Woo-Kyun Lee and the IEETP (International Environmental Expert Training Program), which was supported by the Ministry of Environment, and Korea Environment Corporation. Special thanks to Chul-Hee Lim of Korea University for constructive feedback and comments and Joel Guenter for proofreading. We deeply feel thankful to the three anonymous reviewers for their comments and critical reading which helped improve and clarify this manuscript greatly. Funding Information: Acknowledgments: The authors appreciate the financial support from the NRF, and feel gratitude to Woo-Kyun Lee and the IEETP (International Environmental Expert Training Program), which was supported by the Ministry of Environment, and Korea Environment Corporation. Special thanks to Chul-Hee Lim of Korea University for constructive feedback and comments and Joel Guenter for proofreading. We deeply feel thankful to the three anonymous reviewers for their comments and critical reading which helped improve and clarify this manuscript greatly. Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (Grant no. 2018K1A3A7A03089842) and the Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (Grant no. 2018R1A2B6005682). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 by the authors.",
year = "2020",
month = sep,
doi = "10.3390/SU12176860",
language = "English",
volume = "12",
journal = "Sustainability",
issn = "2071-1050",
publisher = "MDPI AG",
number = "17",
}
