TY - JOUR
T1 - Urinary phthalate metabolites over the first 15 months of life and risk assessment – CHECK cohort study
AU - Kim, Sunmi
AU - Lee, Jangwoo
AU - Park, Jeongim
AU - Kim, Hai Joong
AU - Cho, Geum Joon
AU - Kim, Gun Ha
AU - Eun, So Hee
AU - Lee, Jeong Jae
AU - Choi, Gyuyeon
AU - Suh, Eunsook
AU - Choi, Sooran
AU - Kim, Sungjoo
AU - Kim, Sung Koo
AU - Kim, Young Don
AU - Kim, Su Young
AU - Kim, Seunghyo
AU - Eom, Soyong
AU - Moon, Hyo Bang
AU - Kim, Sungkyoon
AU - Choi, Kyungho
N1 - Funding Information:
We would like to thank participating mothers and their young children in Children's Health and Environmental Chemicals in Korea (CHECK) cohort. This study was funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) in “Environmental Health Action Program (1485014467)”. This study employed the samples collected by support from Ministry of the Food and Drug Safety (12162MFDS731).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2017/12/31
Y1 - 2017/12/31
N2 - Phthalates are important group of endocrine disruptors. Infants and young children are susceptible to phthalate exposure. However, information on the phthalate exposure during the early stages of life is very limited. This study was conducted to understand the temporal trend of exposure to major phthalates among infants of Korea during the first 15 months after birth, and to estimate associated risks. A total of 286 urine samples were collected from 171 children at 3, 9, 12, or 15 months of age, with 77 children sampled for two or more times. Four phthalates, i.e., di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were chosen, and their major metabolites were analyzed in the urine. The DEHP metabolites were detected in 100% of the urine samples at relatively higher levels compared to those reported in other countries. The levels of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) were generally lower. Urinary concentrations of most phthalate metabolites, especially DEHP metabolites, increased as children grew older. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) calculated for DEHP metabolites over time were high (0.7–0.8), suggesting persistence of consistent exposure sources during this sensitive period of life. Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were calculated from daily intake estimates divided by recommended toxicity thresholds. Among the study population, 4, 16, and 26% of the children showed HI > 1 at 9, 12, and 15 months of age, respectively. DEHP exposure explained most of the risk estimates. Considering vulnerability of young children to endocrine disruption, efforts to identify sources of exposure and to develop appropriate mitigation options are warranted.
AB - Phthalates are important group of endocrine disruptors. Infants and young children are susceptible to phthalate exposure. However, information on the phthalate exposure during the early stages of life is very limited. This study was conducted to understand the temporal trend of exposure to major phthalates among infants of Korea during the first 15 months after birth, and to estimate associated risks. A total of 286 urine samples were collected from 171 children at 3, 9, 12, or 15 months of age, with 77 children sampled for two or more times. Four phthalates, i.e., di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were chosen, and their major metabolites were analyzed in the urine. The DEHP metabolites were detected in 100% of the urine samples at relatively higher levels compared to those reported in other countries. The levels of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) were generally lower. Urinary concentrations of most phthalate metabolites, especially DEHP metabolites, increased as children grew older. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) calculated for DEHP metabolites over time were high (0.7–0.8), suggesting persistence of consistent exposure sources during this sensitive period of life. Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were calculated from daily intake estimates divided by recommended toxicity thresholds. Among the study population, 4, 16, and 26% of the children showed HI > 1 at 9, 12, and 15 months of age, respectively. DEHP exposure explained most of the risk estimates. Considering vulnerability of young children to endocrine disruption, efforts to identify sources of exposure and to develop appropriate mitigation options are warranted.
KW - Infant
KW - Phthalates
KW - Repeated measurement
KW - Trend
KW - Urine
KW - Within-subject variation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85023618064&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.244
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.244
M3 - Article
C2 - 28711850
AN - SCOPUS:85023618064
VL - 607-608
SP - 881
EP - 887
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
SN - 0048-9697
ER -